Positiver Einfluss of virtual reality on health

In an era where technology is revolutionizing our lives, it's inspiring to see how virtual reality (VR) can have a positive impact on the health of older people.

Positiver Einfluss of virtual reality on health

In an era where technology is revolutionizing our lives, it's inspiring to see how virtual reality (VR) can have a positive impact on the health of older people.

Dementia

Positive influence of VR on seniors with dementia

The integration of virtual reality (VR) into the care and support of seniors with dementia has proven to be extremely promising and opens up a wide range of positive effects.
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Joy of life

Questions about virtual travel

Virtual reality (VR) is revolutionizing the way senior citizens experience life and opening up a fascinating perspective for increasing enjoyment and quality of life in old age.
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Social interaction

Questions about virtual travel

The introduction of virtual reality (VR) in care has positive effects on the interaction between care staff and patients and promotes participation in social life.
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Loneliness

Loneliness

In care facilities, the use of virtual reality applications offers a promising strategy for combating social isolation and perceived loneliness among residents.
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Anxiety disorders

Questions about virtual travel

The use of virtual reality (VR) in the treatment of anxiety disorders opens up innovative ways to alleviate anxiety, especially in the context of trauma.
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Stress management & relaxation

Questions about virtual travel

Virtual reality can have an immense impact on stress management and relaxation and offers a variety of ways to positively influence stressful situations and improve mental well-being.
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Positive influences of virtual reality on health

Click on the topics of interest to you and find out more

Dementia

Joy of life

Social interaction

Anxiety disorders

Loneliness

Stress management & relaxation

Positive influences of virtual reality on health

Click on the topics of interest to you and find out more

Dementia

Joy of life

Interaction with nurses

Anxiety disorders

Loneliness

Stress management & relaxation

Dementia

Scientific information on the topic

positive effects of virtual reality on people with dementia.

The integration of virtual reality (VR) into the care and support of seniors with dementia has proven to be extremely promising and opens up a wide range of positive effects. Numerous research studies and practical applications show that VR can make a significant contribution to improving the quality of life and well-being of seniors with dementia.

On a cognitive level, VR enables targeted stimulation and promotion of cognitive functions in senior citizens with dementia. Virtual environments can be tailored specifically to the needs and abilities of this target group. Interactive and appealing VR applications can be used to train and activate cognitive skills such as memory, attention and spatial orientation. Studies show that regular use of VR can lead to cognitive improvements and can even have a positive impact on the course of the disease.

One particularly relevant area is the emotional stabilization and emotional well-being of seniors with dementia. VR makes it possible to create positive emotional experiences and stimulate emotional reactions. Virtual environments can be customized to individual preferences and memories to evoke positive emotions and promote overall emotional well-being. This helps to reduce depressive symptoms and improve the quality of life of affected seniors.

VR also has positive effects in terms of social interaction. Seniors with dementia often tend to isolate themselves socially. Virtual reality makes it possible to encourage social interactions in a controlled and supportive environment. Virtual reality can offer seniors the opportunity to meet with virtual avatars, family members or other seniors, strengthening social bonds and reducing loneliness.

The practical application of VR in care facilities for seniors with dementia has shown that the technology is easily accessible and usable. Care staff report positive changes in the behavior and mood of the seniors in their care after using VR programs. The selection of content is crucial in order to achieve the best possible results and to take into account the individual preferences and abilities of seniors.

Bring the Outside In: Providing Accessible Experiences Through VR for People with Dementia in Locked Psychiatric Hospitals, Luma Tabbaa, Chee Siang Ang, Vienna Rose, Panote Siriaraya, Inga Stewart, Keith G Jenkins and Maria Matsangidou, 2019.

The effectiveness of virtual reality for people with mild cognitive impairment or dementia: a meta-analysis, Kim O, Pang Y, Kim J, BMC Psychiatry, 2019.

Long-term Effects of Immersive Virtual Reality Reminiscence in People With Dementia: Longitudinal Observational Study, L-C. Huang, Y-H. Yang, 2022.

A feasibility study with image-based rendered virtual reality in patients with mild cognitive impairment and dementia, Manera V, Chapoulie E, Bourgeois J, Guerchouche R, David R, Ondrej J, et al. PLoS One, 2016.

Promoting Reminiscences with Virtual Reality Headsets: A Pilot Study with People with Dementia, Coelho T, Marques C, Moreira D, Soares M, Portugal P, Marques A, Ferreira AR, Martins S, Fernandes L., 2020.

Positive affect among nursing home residents with Alzheimer’s dementia: The effect of recreational activity, A. S. Schreiner, E. Yamamoto and H. Shiotani, Aging & Mental Health, 2005.

Two-week virtual reality training for dementia: Single case feasibility study, D. McEwen, A. TaillonHobson, M. Bilodeau, H. Sveistrup and H. Finestone, Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, vol. 51, S. 10691076, 2014.

Scientific information on the topic

positive effects of virtual reality on people with dementia.

The integration of virtual reality (VR) into the care and support of seniors with dementia has proven to be extremely promising and opens up a wide range of positive effects. Numerous research studies and practical applications show that VR can make a significant contribution to improving the quality of life and well-being of seniors with dementia.

On a cognitive level, VR enables targeted stimulation and promotion of cognitive functions in senior citizens with dementia. Virtual environments can be tailored specifically to the needs and abilities of this target group. Interactive and appealing VR applications can be used to train and activate cognitive skills such as memory, attention and spatial orientation. Studies show that regular use of VR can lead to cognitive improvements and can even have a positive impact on the course of the disease.

One particularly relevant area is the emotional stabilization and emotional well-being of seniors with dementia. VR makes it possible to create positive emotional experiences and stimulate emotional reactions. Virtual environments can be customized to individual preferences and memories to evoke positive emotions and promote overall emotional well-being. This helps to reduce depressive symptoms and improve the quality of life of affected seniors.

VR also has positive effects in terms of social interaction. Seniors with dementia often tend to isolate themselves socially. Virtual reality makes it possible to encourage social interactions in a controlled and supportive environment. Virtual reality can offer seniors the opportunity to meet with virtual avatars, family members or other seniors, strengthening social bonds and reducing loneliness.

The practical application of VR in care facilities for seniors with dementia has shown that the technology is easily accessible and usable. Care staff report positive changes in the behavior and mood of the seniors in their care after using VR programs. The selection of content is crucial in order to achieve the best possible results and to take into account the individual preferences and abilities of seniors.

Scientific articles

Bring the Outside In: Providing Accessible Experiences Through VR for People with Dementia in Locked Psychiatric Hospitals

Luma Tabbaa, Chee Siang Ang, Vienna Rose, Panote Siriaraya, Inga Stewart, Keith G Jenkins and Maria Matsangidou, 2019.

The effectiveness of virtual reality for people with mild cognitive impairment or dementia: a meta-analysis

Kim O, Pang Y, Kim J, BMC Psychiatry, 2019. 

Long-term Effects of Immersive Virtual Reality Reminiscence in People With Dementia: Longitudinal Observational Study

L-C. Huang, Y-H. Yang, 2022.

A feasibility study with image-based rendered virtual reality in patients with mild cognitive impairment and dementia.​

Manera V, Chapoulie E, Bourgeois J, Guerchouche R, David R, Ondrej J, et al. PLoS One, 2016.

Promoting Reminiscences with Virtual Reality Headsets: A Pilot Study with People with Dementia.

Coelho T, Marques C, Moreira D, Soares M, Portugal P, Marques A, Ferreira AR, Martins S, Fernandes L., 2020.

Positive affect among nursing home residents with Alzheimer's dementia: The effect of recreational activity.

A. S. Schreiner, E. Yamamoto and H. Shiotani, Aging & Mental Health, 2005.

Two-week virtual reality training for dementia: Single case feasibility study.

D. McEwen, A. TaillonHobson, M. Bilodeau, H. Sveistrup and H.
Finestone, Journal of Rehabilitation Research and
Development, vol. 51, S. 10691076, 2014.

Bring the Outside In: Providing Accessible Experiences Through VR for People with Dementia in Locked Psychiatric Hospitals, Luma Tabbaa, Chee Siang Ang, Vienna Rose, Panote Siriaraya, Inga Stewart, Keith G Jenkins and Maria Matsangidou, 2019.

The effectiveness of virtual reality for people with mild cognitive impairment or dementia: a meta-analysis, Kim O, Pang Y, Kim J, BMC Psychiatry, 2019.

Long-term Effects of Immersive Virtual Reality Reminiscence in People With Dementia: Longitudinal Observational Study, L-C. Huang, Y-H. Yang, 2022.

A feasibility study with image-based rendered virtual reality in patients with mild cognitive impairment and dementia, Manera V, Chapoulie E, Bourgeois J, Guerchouche R, David R, Ondrej J, et al. PLoS One, 2016.

Promoting Reminiscences with Virtual Reality Headsets: A Pilot Study with People with Dementia, Coelho T, Marques C, Moreira D, Soares M, Portugal P, Marques A, Ferreira AR, Martins S, Fernandes L., 2020.

Positive affect among nursing home residents with Alzheimer’s dementia: The effect of recreational activity, A. S. Schreiner, E. Yamamoto and H. Shiotani, Aging & Mental Health, 2005.

Two-week virtual reality training for dementia: Single case feasibility study, D. McEwen, A. TaillonHobson, M. Bilodeau, H. Sveistrup and H. Finestone, Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, vol. 51, S. 10691076, 2014.

Scientific articles

Bring the Outside In: Providing Accessible Experiences Through VR for People with Dementia in Locked Psychiatric Hospitals

Luma Tabbaa, Chee Siang Ang, Vienna Rose, Panote Siriaraya, Inga Stewart, Keith G Jenkins and Maria Matsangidou, 2019.

The effectiveness of virtual reality for people with mild cognitive impairment or dementia: a meta-analysis

Kim O, Pang Y, Kim J, BMC Psychiatry, 2019. 

Long-term Effects of Immersive Virtual Reality Reminiscence in People With Dementia: Longitudinal Observational Study

L-C. Huang, Y-H. Yang, 2022.

A feasibility study with image-based rendered virtual reality in patients with mild cognitive impairment and dementia.​

Manera V, Chapoulie E, Bourgeois J, Guerchouche R, David R, Ondrej J, et al. PLoS One, 2016.

Promoting Reminiscences with Virtual Reality Headsets: A Pilot Study with People with Dementia.

Coelho T, Marques C, Moreira D, Soares M, Portugal P, Marques A, Ferreira AR, Martins S, Fernandes L., 2020.

Positive affect among nursing home residents with Alzheimer's dementia: The effect of recreational activity.

A. S. Schreiner, E. Yamamoto and H. Shiotani, Aging & Mental Health, 2005.

Two-week virtual reality training for dementia: Single case feasibility study.

D. McEwen, A. TaillonHobson, M. Bilodeau, H. Sveistrup and H.
Finestone, Journal of Rehabilitation Research and
Development, vol. 51, S. 10691076, 2014.

Loneliness

Loneliness

Scientific information on the topic

Scientific information on the topic

positive effects of virtual reality on people with dementia.

Positive effects of virtual reality on people who feel lonely

In care facilities, the use of virtual reality applications offers a promising strategy to combat social isolation and perceived loneliness among residents. By integrating VR technology, care facilities can implement innovative solutions to promote social engagement and improve residents' quality of life.

Virtual trips and experiences give residents the opportunity to discover new places despite physical limitations. These virtual excursions not only serve as a change of pace, but also allow them to broaden their horizons, reducing the feeling of isolation. VR allows residents to immerse themselves in fascinating worlds and gain positive experiences.

Virtual social interaction plays a crucial role in the fight against loneliness. VR allows residents to interact with each other in a digital environment, regardless of their physical location in the care home. Virtual meeting places and shared activities create opportunities for social interaction that may otherwise be limited due to mobility issues or other barriers.

In addition to social aspects, VR also enables personalized memories and therapeutic applications. The technology can be used to support residents with specific needs by immersing them in familiar environments or allowing them to enjoy calming virtual experiences. This not only contributes to emotional stability, but also promotes general well-being.

Can virtual realityapplications be used to combat social isolation and perceived loneliness in care homes? A mixed-methods study on digital transformation options for residents and staff, Schinner, Lena ; Nagels, Klaus, 2022. 

Einsatz von VR-Technologie in der Senior*innenarbeit: Chancen und Risiken der Nutzung aus Sicht der sozialen Arbeit, Milena Feldmann, 2019.

Scientific articles

Können Virtual-Reality-Anwendungen gegen soziale Isolation und wahrgenommene Einsamkeit in Pflegeheimen eingesetzt werden? Eine Mixed-Methods-Studie zu digitalen Transformationsoptionen für Bewohner und Mitarbeitende

Schinner, Lena ; Nagels, Klaus, 2022.

Einsatz von VR-Technologie in der Senior*innenarbeit: Chancen und Risiken der Nutzung aus Sicht der sozialen Arbeit.

Milena Feldmann, 2019.

Joy of life

Scientific information on the topic

Positive effects of virtual reality on people with depressive moods and increasing apathy

Virtual reality (VR) is revolutionizing the life experience of senior citizens and opening up a fascinating perspective on increasing enjoyment of life and quality of life in advanced age. In particular, the challenge of apathy, a common emotional state faced by older people, is addressed in an impressive way through the use of VR. This groundbreaking technology not only influences cognitive stimulation, but also emotional and social interaction, making a significant contribution to promoting the well-being of older people.

One particularly relevant factor is the emotional dimension of VR. Virtual reality allows seniors to immerse themselves in a world of memories, whether by virtually traveling to places they have visited in the past or by participating in virtual events that evoke positive emotions. This emotional richness can help to increase enjoyment of life and overcome the apathy that often accompanies old age.

Social interaction is another important aspect that influences the quality of life of senior citizens. Virtual reality makes it possible to maintain social connections even when physical distancing is required. Seniors can interact with family and friends in virtual environments, join virtual communities and participate in group activities. This not only helps to reduce loneliness, but also promotes general well-being and enjoyment of life.

The use of VR in care facilities has shown that this technology can bring about a positive change in the daily lives of senior citizens. By integrating VR into activities such as therapeutic exercises, virtual trips or cultural experiences, care facilities can significantly improve the quality of life of residents.

However, overcoming apathy in seniors through VR requires not only access to technology, but also an individualized approach. Selecting VR content that matches individual interests and abilities is critical to the success of these interventions.

Overall, the positive effects of virtual reality on seniors' enjoyment of life and quality of life underline the importance of innovative approaches to promoting well-being in old age. By integrating VR into care practice, seniors can not only participate in real-life activities, but also enjoy virtual experiences that enhance their enjoyment of life and emotional resilience.

Preliminary Research: Virtual Reality in Residential Aged Care to Reduce Apathy and Improve Mood, Brimelow RE, Dawe B, Dissanayaka N. Preliminary Research: Virtual Reality in Residential Aged Care to Reduce Apathy and Improve Mood. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw, 2020.

Using Virtual Reality to Improve Apathy in Residential Aged Care: Mixed Methods Study, Saredakis D, Keage HA, Corlis M, Loetscher T. Using Virtual Reality to Improve Apathy in Residential Aged Care: Mixed Methods Study. J Med Internet Res, 2020.

The effects of reminiscence therapy on psychological well-being, depression, and loneliness among the institutionalized aged, K. J. Chiang, H. Chu , H. J.  Chang, M. H. Chung, C. H. Chen,  H. Y. Chiou, K.R. Chou ,International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 2010.

VRCT: Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating the Impact of Virtual Reality Therapy on BPSD and QoL of Acute Care In-Patients With Dementia, Lora Appel, Eva Appel, Erika Kisonas, Samantha Lewis, Jarred Rosenberg, Julian Appel, Christopher Smith, 2022.

The impact of Virtual Individual Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (V-iCST) on cognition, quality of life, mood, and communication in dementia: a feasibility randomized controlled trial, Esther K Hui, Victoria Tischler, Gloria HY Wong, Luke Gibbor, Aimee E Spector, 2022.

Scientific articles

Preliminary Research: Virtual Reality in Residential Aged Care to Reduce Apathy and Improve Mood

Brimelow RE, Dawe B, Dissanayaka N. Preliminary Research: Virtual Reality in Residential Aged Care to Reduce Apathy and Improve Mood. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw, 2020.

Using Virtual Reality to Improve Apathy in Residential Aged Care: Mixed Methods Study

Saredakis D, Keage HA, Corlis M, Loetscher T. Using Virtual Reality to Improve Apathy in Residential Aged Care: Mixed Methods Study. J Med Internet Res, 2020.

The effects of reminiscence therapy on psychological well-being, depression, and loneliness among the institutionalized aged.

Chiang, K. J., Chu, H., Chang, H. J., Chung, M. H., Chen, C. H., Chiou, H. Y., & Chou, K. R. ,International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 2010.

VRCT: Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating the Impact of Virtual Reality Therapy on BPSD and QoL of Acute Care In-Patients With Dementia

Lora Appel, Eva Appel, Erika Kisonas, Samantha Lewis, Jarred Rosenberg, Julian Appel, Christopher Smith, 2022.

The impact of Virtual Individual Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (V-iCST) on cognition, quality of life, mood, and communication in dementia: a feasibility randomized controlled trial.

Esther K Hui, Victoria Tischler, Gloria HY Wong, Luke Gibbor, Aimee E Spector, 2022.

Social interaction

Scientific information on the topic

Positive effects of virtual reality
1. on the interactions between caregivers and residents of the homes/residences
2.on the behavioral disorders/ BPSD (Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia.)

The introduction of virtual reality (VR) in nursing has a positive impact on the interaction between nursing staff and patients. It opens up new ways to increase trust and reduce aggressive behavior. By sharing virtual travel experiences, caregivers and patients can share positive experiences that promote mutual understanding. Virtual environments create a safer platform for patients to express their needs, leading to deeper connection and increased trust. At the same time, the immersive nature of VR allows for a reduction in aggression as patients feel respected and understood through the positive experiences. Overall, the integration of VR into care helps to create a supportive and empathetic environment that can sustainably improve patient wellbeing.

Reducing Agitation in Long-term Care: A Virtual Reality Intervention for Dementia, Walden, Allison, University of Colorado Colorado Springs ProQuest Dissertations Publishing,  2019. 

Preventing and De-escalating Aggressive Behavior Among Adult Psychiatric Patients: A Systematic Review of the Evidence, B. N. Gaynes, C. L. Brown, L. J. Lux, K. A. Brownley, R. A. Van Dorn, M. J. Edlund, E. Coker-Schwimmer, R. Palmieri Weber, B. Sheitman, T. Zarzar, M. Viswanathan and K. N. Lohr,  vol. 8, no. 68, S. 819831, 2017.

Dementia Care Redesigned: Effects of Small-Scale Living Facilities on Residents, Their Family Caregivers, and Staff, H. Verbeek, S. M. G. Zwakhalen, E. Rossum, T. Ambergen, G. I. J. M. Kempen and J. P. H. Hamers,Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, vol. 11, S. 662670, 2010.

VRCT: Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating the Impact of Virtual Reality Therapy on BPSD and QoL of Acute Care In-Patients With Dementia, Lora Appel, Eva Appel, Erika Kisonas, Samantha Lewis, Jarred Rosenberg, Julian Appel, Christopher Smith, 2022.

Scientific articles

Reducing Agitation in Long-term Care: A Virtual Reality Intervention for Dementia.

Walden, Allison, University of Colorado Colorado Springs ProQuest Dissertations Publishing,  2019. 

Preventing and De-escalating Aggressive Behavior Among Adult Psychiatric Patients: A Systematic Review of the Evidence.

B. N. Gaynes, C. L. Brown, L. J. Lux, K. A. Brownley, R. A. Van Dorn, M. J. Edlund, E. Coker-Schwimmer, R. Palmieri Weber, B. Sheitman, T. Zarzar, M. Viswanathan and K. N. Lohr,  vol. 8, no. 68, S. 819831, 2017.

Dementia Care Redesigned: Effects of Small-Scale Living Facilities on Residents, Their Family Caregivers, and Staff

H. Verbeek, S. M. G. Zwakhalen, E. Rossum, T. Ambergen, G. I. J. M. Kempen and J. P. H. Hamers,Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, vol. 11, S. 662670, 2010.

VRCT: Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating the Impact of Virtual Reality Therapy on BPSD and QoL of Acute Care In-Patients With Dementia

Lora Appel, Eva Appel, Erika Kisonas, Samantha Lewis, Jarred Rosenberg, Julian Appel, Christopher Smith, 2022.

Stress management & relaxation

Scientific research on the topic

Positive effects of virtual reality on stress management and relaxation

The positive effect of virtual reality (VR) on stress management and relaxation has increasingly come into focus in recent years. This innovative technology offers a variety of ways to positively influence stressful situations and improve mental well-being.

One crucial aspect is the high immersion factor of VR. Users have the opportunity to immerse themselves completely in virtual worlds, which means that the real environment fades out. This creates an effective distraction from stressful situations, as attention is drawn to the virtual reality. The mind can relax, reduce stress and regenerate in this environment. In virtual reality, users can experience a calming effect through walks in the forest, beach experiences, sightseeing or visits to places of interest, regardless of their actual physical location.

VR also opens up new perspectives in the area of mindfulness and relaxation exercises. Virtual settings with the help of gamification offer the opportunity to practise guided meditation, breathing exercises or yoga. The deep relaxation achieved through these applications helps to reduce stress levels and increase general well-being.

Virtual Reality in Softskill-Training und Coaching, Ellena Werning, 2023.

Relaxation with immersive natural scenes presented using virtual reality, A.P. Anderson, M.D. Mayer, A.M. Fellows, D.R. Cowan, M.T. Hegel, J.C. Buckey ,2017.

Verhaltenstherapie & Verhaltensmedizin. Virtual-Reality-Exposition
in der Behandlung von Phobien, Michael Altenhofer & Marcus Täuber, 2020.

Scientific articles

Virtual Reality in Softskill-Training und Coaching.

Ellena Werning, 2023.

Relaxation with immersive natural scenes presented using virtual reality.

A.P. Anderson, M.D. Mayer, A.M. Fellows, D.R. Cowan, M.T. Hegel, J.C. Buckey ,2017.

Verhaltenstherapie & Verhaltensmedizin. Virtual-Reality-Exposition in der Behandlung von Phobien.

Michael Altenhofer & Marcus Täuber, 2020.

Anxiety disorders

Scientific information on the topic

Positive effects of virtual reality on people with anxiety disorders

 

The use of virtual reality (VR) in the treatment of anxiety disorders opens up innovative ways to alleviate anxiety, particularly in the context of trauma. VR offers a realistic yet controlled environment that allows specific fears to be confronted and overcome step by step. VR has proven to be particularly effective in the field of trauma treatment. People suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be confronted with traumatic situations in a safe virtual environment to promote processing and healing. Through gradual exposure, therapists can control the intensity of the confrontation and respond to the individual needs of the person affected.

Another outstanding example of the success of VR in anxiety therapy is the treatment of specific phobias. People with a fear of heights, for example, can be placed in a virtual high-altitude environment with the help of VR. The gradual exposure and simulated experience of height situations make it possible to control the fear response and gradually reduce the fear of heights. VR can also be used in a similar way to overcome fears of driving. The simulation of real driving situations in a protected virtual environment enables those affected to overcome their fears and build up their self-confidence.

The immersive nature of VR allows therapists to tailor therapy sessions to the individual's needs and progress. The controlled environment provides a safe platform to test different stimuli and situations, enabling targeted desensitization to anxiety-triggering factors.

VR also offers the opportunity to incorporate relaxation and mindfulness exercises into the therapy. Virtual environments can be designed in such a way that they have a calming and stress-reducing effect, which can be particularly beneficial in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder.

Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Vietnam Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, B. O. Rothbaum, L. F. Hodges, D. Ready, K. Graap and R. D. Alarcon, The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, vol. 62, S. 617622, 2001.

Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for PTSD Symptoms After a Road Accident: An Uncontrolled Case Series, J. G. Beck, S. A. Palyo, E. H. Winer, B. E. Schwagler and E. J. Ang, Behavior Therapy, vol. 38, S. 3948, 2007.

Scientific articles

Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Vietnam Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

B. O. Rothbaum, L. F. Hodges, D. Ready, K. Graap and R. D. Alarcon, The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, vol. 62, S. 617622, 2001.

Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for PTSD Symptoms After a Road Accident: An Uncontrolled Case Series.

J. G. Beck, S. A. Palyo, E. H. Winer, B. E. Schwagler and E. J. Ang,
Behavior Therapy, vol. 38, S. 3948, 2007.